--- description: Query D1 using SQL statements through the Workers Binding API, REST API, or Wrangler commands. title: Query a database image: https://developers.cloudflare.com/og-docs.png --- [Skip to content](#main-content) > Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://developers.cloudflare.com/d1/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Query a database Last updated Aug 24, 2026|Copy as Markdown|[View as Markdown](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/best-practices/query-d1/index.md)|[Agent setup](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/agent-setup/) D1 is compatible with most SQLite's SQL convention since it leverages SQLite's query engine. You can use SQL commands to query D1. There are a number of ways you can interact with a D1 database: 1. Using [D1 Workers Binding API](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/worker-api/) in your code. 2. Using [D1 REST API](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/api/resources/d1/subresources/database/methods/create/). 3. Using [D1 Wrangler commands](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/wrangler-commands/). ## Use SQL to query D1 D1 understands SQLite semantics, which allows you to query a database using SQL statements via Workers BindingAPI or REST API (including Wrangler commands). Refer to [D1 SQL API](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/sql-api/sql-statements/) to learn more about supported SQL statements. ### Use foreign key relationships When using SQL with D1, you may wish to define and enforce foreign key constraints across tables in a database. Foreign key constraints allow you to enforce relationships across tables, or prevent you from deleting rows that reference rows in other tables. An example of a foreign key relationship is shown below. ```sql CREATE TABLE users ( user_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, email_address TEXT, name TEXT, metadata TEXT ) CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, status INTEGER, item_desc TEXT, shipped_date INTEGER, user_who_ordered INTEGER, FOREIGN KEY(user_who_ordered) REFERENCES users(user_id) ) ``` Refer to [Define foreign keys](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/sql-api/foreign-keys/) for more information. ### Query JSON D1 allows you to query and parse JSON data stored within a database. For example, you can extract a value inside a JSON object. Given the following JSON object (`type:blob`) in a column named `sensor_reading`, you can extract values from it directly. ```json { "measurement": { "temp_f": "77.4", "aqi": [21, 42, 58], "o3": [18, 500], "wind_mph": "13", "location": "US-NY" } } ``` ```sql -- Extract the temperature value SELECT json_extract(sensor_reading, '$.measurement.temp_f')-- returns "77.4" as TEXT ``` Refer to [Query JSON](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/sql-api/query-json/) to learn more about querying JSON objects. ## Query D1 with Workers Binding API Workers Binding API primarily interacts with the data plane, and allows you to query your D1 database from your Worker. This requires you to: 1. Bind your D1 database to your Worker. 2. Prepare a statement. 3. Run the statement. ```js export default { async fetch(request, env) { const {pathname} = new URL(request.url); const companyName1 = `Bs Beverages`; const companyName2 = `Around the Horn`; const stmt = env.DB.prepare(`SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CompanyName = ?`); if (pathname === `/RUN`) { const returnValue = await stmt.bind(companyName1).run(); return Response.json(returnValue); } return new Response( `Welcome to the D1 API Playground! \nChange the URL to test the various methods inside your index.js file.`, ); }, }; ``` Refer to [Workers Binding API](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/d1/worker-api/) for more information. ## Query D1 with REST API REST API primarily interacts with the control plane, and allows you to create/manage your D1 database. Refer to [D1 REST API](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/api/resources/d1/subresources/database/methods/create/) for D1 REST API documentation. ## Query D1 with Wrangler commands You can use Wrangler commands to query a D1 database. Note that Wrangler commands use REST APIs to perform its operations. ```sh npx wrangler d1 execute prod-d1-tutorial --command="SELECT * FROM Customers" ``` ```sh ๐ŸŒ€ Mapping SQL input into an array of statements ๐ŸŒ€ Executing on local database production-db-backend () from .wrangler/state/v3/d1: โ”Œโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ฌโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ฌโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ” โ”‚ CustomerId โ”‚ CompanyName โ”‚ ContactName โ”‚ โ”œโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ค โ”‚ 1 โ”‚ Alfreds Futterkiste โ”‚ Maria Anders โ”‚ โ”œโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ค โ”‚ 4 โ”‚ Around the Horn โ”‚ Thomas Hardy โ”‚ โ”œโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ค โ”‚ 11 โ”‚ Bs Beverages โ”‚ Victoria Ashworth โ”‚ โ”œโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ผโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ค โ”‚ 13 โ”‚ Bs Beverages โ”‚ Random Name โ”‚ โ””โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ดโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”ดโ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”€โ”˜ ``` Was this helpful? 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