--- description: Scalar functions for mathematical operations title: Math functions image: https://developers.cloudflare.com/og-docs.png --- [Skip to content](#main-content) > Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://developers.cloudflare.com/pipelines/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Math functions Last updated Aug 24, 2026|Copy as Markdown|[View as Markdown](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/pipelines/sql-reference/scalar-functions/math/index.md)|[Agent setup](https://docs-durable-objects-instance-replaced-errors.previews.developers.cloudflare.com/agent-setup/) _Cloudflare Pipelines scalar function implementations are based on [Apache DataFusion ↗](https://arrow.apache.org/datafusion/) (via [Arroyo ↗](https://www.arroyo.dev/)) and these docs are derived from the DataFusion function reference._ ## `abs` Returns the absolute value of a number. ```plaintext abs(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `acos` Returns the arc cosine or inverse cosine of a number. ```plaintext acos(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `acosh` Returns the area hyperbolic cosine or inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. ```plaintext acosh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `asin` Returns the arc sine or inverse sine of a number. ```plaintext asin(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `asinh` Returns the area hyperbolic sine or inverse hyperbolic sine of a number. ```plaintext asinh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atan` Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of a number. ```plaintext atan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atanh` Returns the area hyperbolic tangent or inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. ```plaintext atanh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `atan2` Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of `expression_y / expression_x`. ```plaintext atan2(expression_y, expression_x) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_y**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_x**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cbrt` Returns the cube root of a number. ```plaintext cbrt(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `ceil` Returns the nearest integer greater than or equal to a number. ```plaintext ceil(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cos` Returns the cosine of a number. ```plaintext cos(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `cosh` Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number. ```plaintext cosh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `degrees` Converts radians to degrees. ```plaintext degrees(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `exp` Returns the base-e exponential of a number. ```plaintext exp(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to use as the exponent. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `factorial` Factorial. Returns 1 if value is less than 2. ```plaintext factorial(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `floor` Returns the nearest integer less than or equal to a number. ```plaintext floor(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `gcd` Returns the greatest common divisor of `expression_x` and `expression_y`. Returns 0 if both inputs are zero. ```plaintext gcd(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `isnan` Returns true if a given number is +NaN or -NaN otherwise returns false. ```plaintext isnan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `iszero` Returns true if a given number is +0.0 or -0.0 otherwise returns false. ```plaintext iszero(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `lcm` Returns the least common multiple of `expression_x` and `expression_y`. Returns 0 if either input is zero. ```plaintext lcm(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `ln` Returns the natural logarithm of a number. ```plaintext ln(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log` Returns the base-x logarithm of a number. Can either provide a specified base, or if omitted then takes the base-10 of a number. ```plaintext log(base, numeric_expression) log(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **base**: Base numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log10` Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number. ```plaintext log10(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `log2` Returns the base-2 logarithm of a number. ```plaintext log2(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `nanvl` Returns the first argument if it's not _NaN_. Returns the second argument otherwise. ```plaintext nanvl(expression_x, expression_y) ``` **Arguments** * **expression\_x**: Numeric expression to return if it's not _NaN_. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **expression\_y**: Numeric expression to return if the first expression is _NaN_. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `pi` Returns an approximate value of π. ```plaintext pi() ``` ## `power` Returns a base expression raised to the power of an exponent. ```plaintext power(base, exponent) ``` **Arguments** * **base**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **exponent**: Exponent numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. **Aliases** * pow ## `pow` _Alias of [power](#power)._ ## `radians` Converts degrees to radians. ```plaintext radians(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `random` Returns a random float value in the range \[0, 1). The random seed is unique to each row. ```plaintext random() ``` ## `round` Rounds a number to the nearest integer. ```plaintext round(numeric_expression[, decimal_places]) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **decimal\_places**: Optional. The number of decimal places to round to. Defaults to 0. ## `signum` Returns the sign of a number. Negative numbers return `-1`. Zero and positive numbers return `1`. ```plaintext signum(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sin` Returns the sine of a number. ```plaintext sin(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sinh` Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. ```plaintext sinh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `sqrt` Returns the square root of a number. ```plaintext sqrt(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `tan` Returns the tangent of a number. ```plaintext tan(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `tanh` Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number. ```plaintext tanh(numeric_expression) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. ## `trunc` Truncates a number to a whole number or truncated to the specified decimal places. ```plaintext trunc(numeric_expression[, decimal_places]) ``` **Arguments** * **numeric\_expression**: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. * **decimal\_places**: Optional. The number of decimal places to truncate to. Defaults to 0 (truncate to a whole number). If `decimal_places` is a positive integer, truncates digits to the right of the decimal point. If `decimal_places` is a negative integer, replaces digits to the left of the decimal point with `0`. Was this helpful? 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